Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

The purpose of the current research was to investigate the obstacles to the implementation of school-based management in Iran's educational system based on the interpretive Structural modeling approach. The research method was a modeling study. The statistical population of the research was specifically the academic staff members of the university, 25 of whom were purposefully selected from the desired cases. The data collection tool was a researcher-made self-interactive questionnaire. In order to measure and evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, the criterion of content validity was used. The content validity of the questionnaire was 0.96. The data analysis was done with interpretive Structural modeling method. The results of the research showed that 9 factors play a role as barriers to school-oriented management. Also, the results showed that financial obstacles (the cost of school-oriented management), socio-cultural obstacles and political obstacles (political focus on schools by the central government) as key independent variables have high influence power and low dependence. Also, the results showed that the lack of belief in the professional competence of school administrators, the lack of infrastructure facilities, the emphasis of upper management on the supervision and control of schools, and the lack of cooperation of local communities with school-based management as the linking variables with the greatest power of influence and the greatest power of dependence. and the centralism in the education system of the country and the lack of legal powers to school managers and staff as dependent variables have high dependency power and low influence power.

Since the Industrial Revolution, industry has been one of the main factors that have caused changes in spatial and physical structure and organization of settlements. In this study we have provided an analysis based on documental and survival data to analyze the role of industries on Baghershahr spatial and physical structures. The study area included Baghershahr, a town with a population of 56000 located in 4 km far from the south of Tehran city in Iran. In the study besides using a descriptive explanation, we use the Structural intersecting analysis in Micmac, and one-Sample T-Test and Friedman Test in SPSS software. Finding show that industry cause many influences in Baghershahr spatial-physical structure through: extensive changes in land use, creating and extending infrastructures, developing direct and indirect jobs, increasing Baghershar municipality incomes, creating pollution, consuming resources, and etc. Structural intersecting analysis results show that effective and key variables such as trade function of Tehran, establishing huge national industries, vicinity to main roads, Tehran consumer market, and tax fraude are related to industry in any way. Thus, the variable affect Baghershahr Structural changes have a strength relation to each other. According to T-Test, industry consequences have had negative strength impacts on the town structures totally. The most influence is happen on environmental and physical dimensions and it has been negative. Friedman Test showed that immigration and creating direct jobs were more important variables.

The city's regeneration is one of the strategies that lead to urban deterioration and inefficient textures towards revitalization. Using systems thinking on the subject of reinvention can lead to the identification of complex systems that are considered effective in producing and reproducing worn-out textures. In this regard, this study was to benefit from a systemic approach in identifying the the roots of the production and reproduction of historical/worn-out textures in Semnan city. The leading research is among the applied research, and in terms of information and data analysis, it uses the descriptive-analytical method. The tool for collecting information is also in documents and surveys. The statistical population of the research was 18 university professors, experts, and officials familiar with the urban fabric of Semnan, who were selected by the snowball method. In the end, using experts' opinions, 24 variables were selected as effective drivers of Semnan's production-reproduction system of worn tissue. MicMac software was used for Structural-interpretive analysis of variables. The results show that the rules and regulations governing the regeneration of the studied area are the most important and effective factors. Also, the special ownership conditions governing barren, ruined, and ruined lands have caused the private sector to have no incentive to invest in this area and reproduce the existing conditions. With the continuation of the current process, the existing situation is reproduced. Breaking this round of the reproduction process requires a constructive look at the target neighborhoods from the city administration and government agencies, which can provide the basis for the presence of private sector investors in these neighborhoods

Introduction: The University is a key and determining factor in the progress and development of any country. One of the biggest challenges that threaten the well-being of this pillar is the detrimental phenomenon of academic misbehavior. To prevent and mitigate the impacts of this problem, which has gripped the higher education system; It is crucial to identify indicators of academic misbehavior. This research aims to conduct a comprehensive interpretive Structural analysis of the indicators of academic misbehavior in Iranian higher education. Methodology: This study employs a mixed-method sequential exploratory design, with data collected in two stages (qualitative and quantitative). In the qualitative stage, information was gathered through unstructured interviews with experts and analysis of expert’s speeches and interviews. Initially, unstructured interviews were conducted with 17 targeted experts and university faculty members using purposive-snowball sampling and the "theoretical saturation" criterion. In the second step, 12 speeches and interviews with experts from various media platforms were purposefully selected and subjected to thematic analysis. In the quantitative stage, a questionnaire was developed and administered to a panel of 8 academic staff members to collect data. Interpretive Structural modeling (ISM) was employed to establish the relationships between the indicators and derive their interpretive Structural model. Findings: The results revealed that the priority indicators of academic misbehavior within the higher education system are as follows: Selling university degrees, bullying, scientific exploitation, negative team building, favoritism, cheating, and scientific plagiarism, and the establishment of markets for the sale of scientific products, and corrupt localizability socializability and false identification. Conclusion: In the present study, with the Structural-interpretive approach, indicators of misbehavior in the Iranian higher education system were prioritized in five levels. So in the first level, the indicator “false identification” was the most effective, and in the fifth level, the three indicators “Selling university degrees”, “bullying” and “scientific exploitation” were the most effective. In general, By identifying and prioritizing these indicators, this study provides a better understanding of the issue and facilitates the adoption of appropriate measures to prevent and mitigate academic misbehavior.

Introduction: Earthquakes are among the most devastating natural disasters due to their unpredictability and extensive consequences Because of the dense population and vulnerable infrastructure in Tehran,, the risk of cascading effects and interconnected crises caused by earthquakes is significantly heightened. These cascading effects often result in long-term challenges across various sectors, including social, environmental, economic, and governance systems. Understanding these interconnected impacts is crucial for developing proactive urban management and resilience strategies. This study aims to identify the cascading and systemic impacts of a potential earthquake in Tehran. It focuses on analyzing the interactions and interdependencies among these impacts to highlight destructive chains. By presenting a comprehensive and future-oriented framework, the study seeks to enhance decision-making in urban management and civil defense, thereby strengthening urban resilience and mitigating the impacts of crises. Methodology: A qualitative approach was employed to examine the potential impacts of an earthquake in Tehran. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with experts and analyzed using the Future Wheel Technique, open coding, and thematic analysis. A Likert scale questionnaire was administered to identify high-impact outcomes with the potential to trigger destructive chains. Expert evaluations were conducted to validate the findings and prioritize the most significant consequences. Results: The findings revealed that an earthquake in Tehran could initiate destructive chains across seven critical domains: Chains threatening the environment and disrupting ecosystems refer to cascading events initiated by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, that significantly alter ecological balances. These chains not only lead to the displacement of species and biodiversity loss but also undermine critical ecosystem services, including water purification, soil stability, and carbon sequestration. Such disruptions create long-term repercussions for human health, food security, and economic resilience. The compounded effects extend into socio-economic systems, highlighting the interconnectedness of environmental integrity and societal stability.Vulnerability chains and the weakening of susceptible infrastructure following seismic events severely disrupt the effective functioning of critical systems, such as transportation, healthcare, energy, and water, significantly diminishing communities 'ability to manage crises and rebuild. Infrastructure vulnerability during earthquakes impairs the delivery of essential services, exacerbates social inequalities, lowers the quality of life, and increases costs. Therefore, effectively managing these vulnerability chains is a prerequisite for accelerating reconstruction, reducing casualties, and enhancing community resilience in the face of future events.Chains exacerbating post-earthquake psychological damage can range from mild anxiety disorders to severe trauma conditions, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Earthquakes, being highly traumatic events, bring death to close family members, financial ruin, and the destruction of vital infrastructure. This trauma is further worsened by the continuous fear of aftershocks and the disruption of social networks. Poor mental health infrastructure—from basic services to more comprehensive systems—can significantly limit the ability to cope, thereby aggravating psychological harm. These psychological effects have serious ramifications beyond personal health, as they permeate all levels of decision-making, from the individual to the institutional level, and may manifest as behavioral tensions that inhibit collective action. This spiral of damage often leads to heightened social friction, a lack of coordination in response to the crisis, and a breakdown in confidence in authorities within the affected communities. Additionally, these psychological injuries can lead to increased social inequality, delayed recovery, and generally lower resilience. Societies with underdeveloped mental health systems face significant risks, as many lack effective frameworks for intervention. Fully understanding this chain of impact is crucial for implementing interventions that not only support mental health but also strengthen social cohesion and accelerate recovery.Chains undermining economic security and sustainability include the corrosive economic impact of earthquakes—a sudden and sharp economic shock. Infrastructure damage, supply-chain disruptions, and reduced demand lead to lower production, higher unemployment, and inflation. Disturbed investor confidence, driven by these factors, further hampers efforts to attract both domestic and foreign investment. These challenges are exacerbated by pre-existing Structural conditions such as economic inequalities, weak financial institutions, and a lack of transparency in decision-making. The consequences of earthquakes not only devastate the regional economy but also hinder sustainable development and exacerbate social inequalities. Therefore, a deep understanding of these chains is crucial for developing appropriate economic policies aimed at strengthening economic resilience and ensuring faster and more sustainable recovery in earthquake-affected regions. Chains threatening energy security and sustainability are triggered by earthquakes, which are recognized as devastating Discussion: natural phenomena that create significant challenges for energy management. Earthquakes can cause the destruction of power plants, electricity transmission lines, and gas distribution networks, leading to widespread energy outages. In addition to risks such as gas leaks and fires, these situations can escalate into secondary crises, like explosions. Damage to energy infrastructure—particularly crucial for hospitals and healthcare centers—disrupts the provision of essential services, increasing fatalities. Furthermore, disruptions in fuel supply chains for power plants and critical industries, caused by damage to transportation infrastructure, not only reduce energy production but also severely impact the functioning of key sectors, including healthcare and industry.Chains threatening the sustainability and management of vital resources triggered by earthquakes extend beyond physical destruction, leading to widespread humanitarian crises. A key challenge after an earthquake is the damage to critical infrastructure, such as water supply systems, food distribution networks, and healthcare services. The destruction of water infrastructure and disruption of food supply chains exacerbate shortages of drinking water and essential food supplies. This, combined with the damage to healthcare facilities and the sudden surge in demand for medical services, leads to the spread of infectious diseases and increased mortality rates. Weak resource management and a lack of coordination in relief efforts further deepen the crisis, leading to social unrest, violence, and looting. These conditions erode public trust in government and relief organizations, complicating and delaying the recovery process. Moreover, these chains of threats intensify social inequalities, placing additional economic and social pressure on affected communities, significantly delaying their return to normalcy.Chains posing risks to sustainable governance and social cohesion arise as earthquakes place immense pressure on political and social systems. Earthquakes, as sudden and devastating events, challenge governance structures by eroding public trust, exacerbating social inequalities, and creating displacement and migration crises. The destruction of infrastructure and disruption of governmental institutions lead to inefficiencies in service delivery and crisis response, further diminishing public confidence in the government and fostering corruption and mismanagement. The inability to manage the post-disaster aftermath, such as the unequal distribution of aid, intensifies social disparities and weakens social cohesion, potentially leading to protests, civil unrest, and even the collapse of governance at local and, in extreme cases, national levels. Additionally, in such destabilized conditions, external threats and exploitation by adversaries can jeopardize national security. The long-term consequences of this chain of risks include prolonged recovery, rising poverty and inequality, political instability, and a decline in the quality of life in affected regions. These challenges underscore the critical need for strengthening governance, enhancing social cohesion, and ensuring efficient disaster preparedness.These destructive chains necessitate specific policy interventions aimed at either preventing crises from escalating or mitigating their worst effects. By targeting critical points within these chains, such as improving infrastructure resilience or developing emergency resource management protocols, Tehran can reduce the likelihood of cascading impacts overwhelming the city. Conclusion: This research highlights the importance of managing destructive chains through enhanced coordination, strengthened governance structures, and proactive planning. By integrating civil defense principles, urban management strategies, and multi-sector collaboration, Tehran can improve its resilience to earthquakes and reduce the risk of cascading crises. The study provides a foundation for future research on systemic disaster impacts and offers practical insights for policymakers to prioritize actions that mitigate secondary and tertiary effects.

In the context of metaphorical thought, this article attempts to offer a new metaphor titled as "Organization as the Focal Point of intersecting Spectrums." Similar to other metaphors, this view familiarizes those interested in organizational studies with this societal phenomenon. To achieve this purpose, first the assumptions and scientific basis of this metaphor are studied. The scientific basis of this metaphor involves Aristotelian logic, Buddha's logic and fuzzy logic. These logics are carefully studied and some of their examples in real world and organizational world are mentioned.Using the above approaches, the aforementioned spectrum view, its applicability, limitations, and suggestions for its expansion in the organizational and managerial world have been analyzed in detail.